Bend It Like Becham and Looking for Alibrandi

This term we have studied the film bend it like beck ham and the novel looking for librarian. They both explore coming of age through different experiences to mature into the person they are today. But during that process they come across similar challenges to face. Jess is from a strict Indian silks family who expectations are high for both Jess and her sister pinky. The director of bend it like Bà ©chamel explores the experiences of coming of age by showing challenges with her culture.Jess wants to play football professional but her family and culture disapproves of this idea and has to go by her parent's values. The point of view shoot from basis's perspective and the quotation † you can become a fine doctor and solicitor now † this show the expectations and values of the family and culture. Josephine goes through similar challenges where she struggles to accept her culture and not hate it. Josephine says, † I hate being Italian † this shows Josephine not liking her culture and her background. BothJosephine and Jess go through similar challenges with their culture and learning to cope with it. Throughout the film and the novel Josses and Jess have to go through challenges with their family, Josses has grown up her whole life without a dad. When her dad shows up Josses is shocked and doesn't want to see him. â€Å"We don't need him†, Josses says to her mum ,telling her she doesn't want him in her life. Through out the novel Josses has to overcome her hate she had for her dad in the past and let it go. And allow accepting him in her life.Jess might not have a new dad in her life but she sure does have family issues. Jess finds out her finals is on the same day as her sisters wedding. She has to choose between her futures of her family. She chooses family because she knows it's the right thing to do † IM not lying any more† Jess says realizing . Lying is not right and has to become more mature and choose right decisio ns. As the wedding goes on her dad saw she was upset and allowed her to go to the rest of the game on a conditions she comes back straight after.The parallel hot of pinky held up by Teeth and Jess been help up by her team and Josses learning to accept her dad represents that both girls have achieved a new mile stone in the coming of age experience. By going through the experience of coming through age Josses and Jess also go through different challenges. Jess has gender restrictions where her culture and family do not believe a girl should play football Jess ignores her culture and lies to her parent's . When her parent's find out and forbids her to play again Jess stands up to her family telling them this is my passion and what I love to do. F I can't tell you what I want now, then I will never be happy' Jess sticks up in what she wants in life even if her culture and family do not agree. Josses also goes through a harsh time when her close friend died I wonder now why I thought it John's suicide] wasn't true. Paper and could forget the next day. † This shows Josses trying to accept John has died and is never coming back. Both Josses and Jess have similar challenges to allow them to come of age thought out the novel and film but despite there similarities they also have differences as well.

Ban Cell Phones While Driving

Ban Cell Phones While Driving Almost every American has one. Some people use them strictly for business while others strictly for leisure. Most of us use them for both. They are always at our side ready to be answered, receive text messages, check email, or update our Facebook status. Cellphones have almost become a necessity in society. People regularly engage in a wide variety of multitasking activities when they are behind the wheel. Data from the 2000 U. S. census indicates that drivers spend an average of 25. min each day commuting to work, and there is a growing interest in trying to make the time spent on the roadway more productive (Reschovsky, 2004). Unfortunately, this leads to drivers being distracted on the road. I was a victim of an accident caused by a distracted driver on the telephone. I was in a parking lot about to park and a woman backed into me while she was talking on the phone. She profusely apologized and said she didn’t see me. It wasn’t that she couldn’t see me; she wasn’t paying attention because she was on the phone. Luckily, no one was hurt and there was minimal damage to my car.It’s just annoying and disheartening that people can be so careless. Cellphone use while driving needs to be banned in order to protect drivers and pedestrians alike. This isn’t just my personal opinion on the matter. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommends that states to  ban drivers from any non-emergency use of cell phones and other electronic devices that aren't built into their automobile (Alhers, 2011). It also called on wireless companies to create technology that would â€Å"disable the functions of these portable electronic devices within reach of the driver when a vehicle is in motion† (Alhers, 2011).The recommendation came out of an investigation of a 2010 pickup truck-school bus pileup in Missouri last year that killed two people and injured 35. The investigation found that the pickup driver who caused the accident sent 11 text messages in the 11 minutes leading up to the accident, including some just before impact. The NTSB lacks the authority to impose regulations, but its safety recommendations are highly regarded and have led to many state and federal laws and regulations (NTSB 2011). On Oct. , 2009, President Barack Obama issued an executive order banning the use of text messaging while driving for federal government employees on official business or while using government-supplied equipment. He said, â€Å"text messaging causes drivers to take their eyes off the road and at least one hand off the steering wheel, endangering both themselves and others† (Obama, 2009). Texting while driving is banned in 37 states and the District of Columbia. 30 states ban all cell phone use for beginning drivers.Ten states prohibit all hand-held cell phone use while driving; however, no states currently ban the use of hands-free phones while driving. Most people don't put Bluetooth or Sync in their cars anyway because it’s too expensive. Talking on the phone, hands-free or not, puts the driver’s focus on the conversation and not what is going on around them. It’s impossible to accurately gauge how many car accidents nationwide are cell-phone related, but according to the Department of Transportation, distracted driving killed 3,092 people in the United States in 2010. David L.Strayer, a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Utah, stated the following in their Summer 2006 study comparing cell-phone use and intoxication while driving: It is now well established that cell phone use impairs the driving performance of younger adults. For example, drivers are more likely to miss critical traffic signals (traffic lights, a vehicle braking in front of the driver, etc. ), slower to respond to the signals that they do detect, and more likely to be involved in rear-end collisions when they are conversing on a cell phone.In addition, even when participants direct their gaze at objects in the driving environment, they often fail to ‘see' them when they are talking on a cell phone because attention has been directed away from the external environment and toward an internal, cognitive context associated with the phone conversation†¦ (p. 382) Strayer and his colleagues, with respect to traffic safety, found that the impairments associated with cell phone drivers may be as great as those commonly observed with intoxicated drivers.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Ad Council have launched the new Stop the Texts. Stop the Wrecks. This is a public service advertising public service announcement campaign nationwide. All of the PSAs direct audiences to StopTextsStopWrecks. org, a new campaign website where teens and young adults can find facts about the impact of texting while driving, and tips for how to curb the behavior. The website also has an ar ea where individuals can post and share their solutions to stop texting and driving on Facebook.The NHTSA also reported that pilot projects in Syracuse, New York, and Hartford, Connecticut, produced significant reductions in distracted driving by combining stepped-up ticketing with these high-profile public education campaigns. Before and after each enforcement wave, NHTSA researchers observed cellphone use by drivers and conducted surveys at drivers license offices in the two cities. They found that in Syracuse, hand-held cellphone use and texting declined by a third. In Hartford, there was a 57 percent drop in hand-held phone use, and texting behind the wheel dropped by nearly three-quarters (Wellenbach, 2011).There are many arguments against banning cell phone use infringes on the personal rights of motorists. Receiving a cell phone traffic ticket may negatively reflect on your driver record and can increase your insurance premiums. Those opposed to the ban feel it’s impos sible to enforce because a police officer can mistake a driver for texting someone when they are really changing a song on their MP3 player. Another counterargument is that holding a conversation on a cell phone while driving is no more distracting than being engaged with a passenger or rowdy kids in the back seat, eating fast food or messing around with the radio.Motorists know that using a cell phone while driving is distracting and should refrain from doing so. Another argument against banning cell phones is the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Most GPS’s displays three-dimensional renderings of virtual surroundings. At least 10 states that ban texting while driving offer some type of service that allows motorists to get information about traffic tie-ups, road conditions or emergencies via Twitter (DeMillo, 2009). There is also an argument to implement hands free devices in all motor vehicles.Enforcing such advanced technology to be built would be extremely expensi ve. This technology, built-in speaker phones or no use of cell phone if driving over 30 miles per hour is not cheap. It is not cheap for the manufacturers or for the customers. The average prices of cars would rise, and if there are be technical errors, it would cost more to repair the car. Assume that the United States did enforce this law upon manufacturers in their country. What if someone drove to the United States from neighbor countries, where cars are not equipped with this technology?Should those drivers from the neighbor countries, then, be allowed to use cell phones? No. The best thing to do is having a strict law, banning cellphone while driving until such advanced equipment in cars becomes basic technology, and fairly priced. In a survey I conducted revealed that 80% of drivers between the ages of 16 to 24 use a cell phone while driving. 90% percent of 16 to 24 year olds have been on the road and noticed drivers swerving and talking/texting on the phone while driving. My research indicates that only 20% of drivers 55 and over admitted they use a cell phone while driving.This shows that younger people are more at risk to be involved in some sort of collision or accident. The last question of the survey was have you ever been at a red light and have someone honked at you while you were at a red light looking at phone? Even though the survey was anonymous I don’t think people wanted to admit that this has happened to them. Only 40% of all who took the survey answered yes to this question. I think if had a larger survey pool my information would have supported my argument further. Here is a graph of the results of the question Have you used a cell phone while driving:Several technology start-ups will release new products for phones that can detect when a car is in motion and automatically log incoming calls and texts much as a personal assistant would. All the products have provisions that allow both incoming and outgoing calls during emergencie s. The following products are services available to reduce driver distraction. The first one is Key2SafeDriving. Parents can set up a password-protected profile that won't allow calls or texts when a Bluetooth device detects that the car is in motion. Next, there is Aegis Mobility Drive Assist.This is downloaded software will use a phone's GPS to determine whether it is in a moving vehicle, then log incoming calls and texts, and respond with a message that you're driving. And finally the least restrictive of these three products, ZoomSafer, is downloadable software that lets you dictate text messages and updates to social-networking sites while you're driving (Cruz 2009). This is similar to the talk-to-text program that my Droid phone has. I have tried to use it while driving and it hasn’t been too successful. I have to push a button that records what I want to say and then â€Å"listens. The majority of the time the words are totally wrong and I’m more distracted bec ause I have to go back and delete everything. I know technology will evolve and create a safe way to communicate while operating a vehicle. The evidence from studies showing the negative effects of cellphone use while driving is overwhelming. People need to be less concerned with emails, social networks, and texting and be more focused on the road. There is no simple solution to get everyone to agree or follow the rules if such as ban was put into action.It will take a long time to give up their right of cellphone privileges, but the outcome is worth the sacrifice. References Ahlers, Mike. (2011, December 13). NTSB recommends full ban on use of cell phones while driving. Cable News Network. Retrieved from http://articles. cnn. com/2011-12-13/us/us_ntsb-c ell-phone-ban_1_smart-phones-texting-pickup-truck-driver? _s=PM:US Cruz, Gilbert. (2009, August 24). Distracted Driving: Should Talking, Texting Be Banned? Time Magazine. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171,1916291-1,00. html DeMillo, A. (2009, Sept 19).Mixed Messages on Texting and Driving. Retrieved from Associated Press and Fox News website: http://www. foxnews. com/us/2009/09/19/states-send-mixed-message-texting-driving/ National Transportation Safety Board. (2011). No call, no text, no update behind the wheel: NTSB calls for nationwide ban on PEDs while driving [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www. ntsb. gov/news/2011/111213. html Obama, Barack. (2009, October 1). Executive Order 15313. Retrieved from http://www. whitehouse. gov/the-press-office/executive-order-federal-leadership-reducing-text-messaging-while-driving Strayer, D.L. & Drews, F. A. (2006). A Comparison of the Cell Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 381–391. Reschovsky, C. (2004). Journey to work: 2000, Census 2000 brief. Retrieved May 19, 2012 from http://www. census. gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-33. pdf Wellenbach, P. (2011, Dec. 8) More American drivers are texting while driving despite additional legal measures. New York Daily News. Retrieved from http://www. nydailynews. com/news/national/american-drivers-texting-driving-additional-legal-measures-article-1. 988991#commentpostform

Romare Bearden

The art of Romare Bearden has been viewed and influential to many artists, musicians, political figures, scholars, and everyday people. Born in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1911, and soon moved to New York, also spending little time in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, Bearden was raised in a middle class household where both his parents held decent jobs. At an early age Bearden was exposed to great diversity of artists, musicians and writers, his home was a frequent hangout spot for major figures such as Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes and many more. Art was not always the main focus of Bearden.He studied at Boston University where he played baseball and eventually after taking a few art classes he illustrated the cartoons in the Baltimore Newspaper. Bearden also traveled the world to places such as Paris and the Caribbean islands, which all influenced his work to come. He also served in the U. S. army. Being raised in the south and black Harlem New York during the Harlem Renaissance and c ivil rights would be the birthplace of Bearden’s diverse ideas and extraordinary talents. Bearden became the most original and famous due to his unique collages that he mastered in isolation working methods.This artwork was displayed in abstract complicated positions and showed intricate details made from magazine and newspaper clippings, as well as foil and different fabrics. Pablo Picasso, Jose Clemente, and Diego Rivera were a few artists that also influenced his work. Romare broke many boundaries and traditional ideas and expectations of artists. He put a unique twist on the already established European collage method by using different techniques such as quilt work, print, many fabrics, textures, nature, landscapes, oils water colors and of course photo montage.These techniques gave his art a personality a vibe a feeling that made views want more the pieces always had many details and messages. Romare Bearden’s art work was extraordinary enough that his work was s een in museums worldwide but also displayed in books, album covers, and even the city of Berkley, California has a public display in the city council chambers called The City and its People that incorporates the city’s diversity and culture. Romare’s pieces were also easy to relate with. The intersection of art and everyday life such as school, home, clubs and nature ere very obvious in his work, for example in The Block and the Block II his everyday life that he seen on the streets was displayed, from working people to kids playing to mothers looking out their windows holding their baby. He embraced the elements of popular culture at the time, jazz clubs, blues, social realism of African culture, religion and childhood memories were all displayed in his works The Blues, Train Whistle Blues, Palms Sunday Procession, and The Street to name a few. Romare Bearden suffered from bone cancer and passed away in 1988 as a world renowned African American artist, author, songwri ter, and award winner.Although he left his love for art many times, as many artists do, he took a journey and always found a way back to express his love of art embracing culture and society. His works grew and changed throughout his whole life picking up pieces as his environments changed. Bearden displayed the beautiful, the ugly, and the in-betweens of African and African American life with European and Spanish influences along the way. His works were improved and iconic, leaving you wanting to see more of what you have never have seen before.

Comparison Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison Paper - Essay Example There are things new and exciting to some, strange and threatening to others, that have accelerated changes in our way of life. These two schools of thought, apparently in reaction to the changing socio-technical landscape, appear to hurtle headlong into each other. However, as in all discourses, this paper shall seek a reconciliation in principle between them in the context of present-day life. It will be noted that Fosdick used the term â€Å"fundamentalist† to describe the group of people whom we refer to here as â€Å"traditionalist,† for purposes of avoiding the negativity of recent connotations conveyed by the term â€Å"fundamentalist†. Basically, both authors contend on the ground of Christian congregationalism. They express their adherence to the Christian faith, except that they have varying views on what the Christian faith should encompass. The traditionalist view elaborated by Machen holds the Christian faith as defined by institutions, and teachings that have been handed down with the wisdom of the generations must remain essentially intact. Incorporation of beliefs that run counter to this body of beliefs essentially negate the Christian faith and erode its moral ascendancy over non-Christians until nothing differentiates one from the other. On the other hand, the liberal view discussed by Fosdick admits of new truths, and new ways of understanding old truths, and that such new knowledge enhances and deepens understanding of the Faith. Under this view, people could, despite differences of opinion, co-exist in one church, and the Christian label should not be denied anybody. As a point of observation, it is evident that Machen is not so much against change as he is for preserving definitive core beliefs against this change, while the liberal view welcomes changes as part of a gradual, shifting development. The traditionalist is for continuity, which the liberal is

Macro exam 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro exam 3 - Assignment Example In any market, money flows from the buyer to the seller, the money will therefore move from the household to the firms. However, as indicated earlier, market for goods and services are not the only markets available lest the firms would have all the money in a given field. The firm therefore has to pay for the factors of production to have the finished product i.e. the automobile. The factors of production for example capital needs to be in place. To manufacture the automobile, there are the machines which need to be bought and the labor that will do the work. Therefore in the second phase of the model, the household will give labor, capital and land to the firms while the money flows back to the household. The model is circular due to the flow of money from the households to the firms and back. The main goals of any given economy include economic growth, reduction of the number of unemployed people in the given economy or country and low inflation. A country’s increase in the standard of peoples living is used to define a growth in the economy. This is done by enhancing production and ensuring that the economy is self-sustaining. A high rate of unemployment is seen in a country or society where many people want to get jobs where they are employed or are earning an income but they do not get it. Lack of economic growth is depicted by rise in unemployment levels in a given country among other factors. When inflation hits a given country, the price of goods and services shoot up. Using the price index, it is possible to measure the price level and establish whether there is inflation of prices or not. The peoples’ standard of living is determined by the economic growth in the specific region. If there is no economic growth, the peoples’ standard of living will be low. There were various reasons that led to the culmination of the great depression. These include; - the crisis in the agricultural sector that led to the

Growth and Development of Entrepreneurial Ventures Essay

Growth and Development of Entrepreneurial Ventures - Essay Example He outlines the resources needed in fulfilling the need identified. The entrepreneur is often responsible for the success of the business identified and its failure as well; therefore, he has to plan on how to manage the business amidst all the problems and challenges in the immediate and external environment (Peterson 2013, 10). The entrepreneur often operates in some kind of an entrepreneurship ecosystem whereby he has to plan and develop tools that he can use to obtain additional funding and other resources needed in the achievement of the identified goals and objectives (Uucbasaran 2003, 16). For instance, he has to prepare his business plan in order get assistance from the bank and other financial systems. This paper examines the development of an enterprise by one of the entrepreneurs that has become one of the greatest businesspersons in the world. With his business, he has managed to influence business practices in the world and the particular industry in which he operates. Before an entrepreneur has to begin his business, he has to ensure that he makes a proper analysis of the particular business environment he is set operate. He has to be prepared psychology to tackle all the challenges that are likely to come in the business especially at the start up stage. Many of the successful entrepreneurs in the world have explained that it is important for young entrepreneurs to focus on the kind of products they are offering and not be distracted by the competition and products offered by other large-scale businesses. They have to ensure that they design their products to meet the identified needs in the particular business environment in the best way possible (Carmody B. 2014, 4). In this case, it is always important that they focus on the simplest ideas they have identified and craft them a way that pleases the consumers in the market (Entrepreneur Media

Nature of management and new technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nature of management and new technology - Essay Example To begin with, management has to co-create value with customers (Hill & Jones 2009, p. 96). This is because organizations are existing an age whereby consumers possess considerable information about given products and services. Organizations should utilize this awareness to collaborate with customers on the creation of products. In the current set up, organizations can use various tools in communicating with customers. For instance, the e-mail messaging system is helpful in sending information and receiving immediate feedback In addition, the management will consider an open administration framework. Innovation in communication media has given rise to various tools, which can be employed for correspondence (Arthur 2009, P. 56). This allows the enlargement of departments since it is easy to have correspondence among a large group of people. The management has become more visible to employees, as managements can easily utilize communication applications such as WhatsApp groups in communicating information to a large group of individuals simultaneously. It also becomes easy to immediately receive feedback from a corresponding number of people. More essentially, managements will have to form collaborative partnerships with stakeholders in suppliers in achieving

Whether or not the right balance between preference, obligation and Essay

Whether or not the right balance between preference, obligation and feasibility is being struck by judges - Essay Example Whether or not the right balance between preference, obligation and feasibility is being struck by judges Although previously, it was not recognised that judges make laws, the modern view is that they make laws. This view is supported by Lord Radcliffe (Doctrine of Precedent Online). The judge continually applies the law to new situations and cases and in the process creating new laws. However, there are instances when courts decline to change the law on the ground that it is better for the Parliament to remake the law. In the case of R v Clegg, it was suggested that fairness would be achieved by charging Clegg of manslaughter instead of murder because of his wrong reaction but without evil motive (National Decisions 1967). And that a new qualified defence be available to a soldier or police who used excessive force as a defence or in the prevention of a crime. The reduction of murder to manslaughter should better be left for the Parliament to change because that issue is part of a wider issue of maintaining a mandatory life sentence for murder. (Doctrine of Precedent Online). In the cas e of C v DPP (1995), it was put in issue whether to abolish the presumption that a child of 10 to 14 years of age is incapable to commit a crime. The House did not abolish it but called upon the Parliament to review it. Lord Lowry provided guidelines for judicial law-making, as follows: (a) not imposing a remedy where the solution to a problem is doubtful; b) be cautious of making changes if Parliament itself refused to deal with a known problem or has legislated but left the problem untouched.

Develop a plan for Domestic Destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Develop a plan for Domestic Destination - Essay Example Through participation the individual provide financial assistance and thus the local individuals are empowered. Additionally, the local community can attain direct financial benefit through conservation of the natural resources (Allen and Frank, 31). Through conservation the heritage and the beautiful environment is protected while the communities benefit from employment thereby achieving a sustainable development. This means that a preserved ecosystem will host tourist to come and witness beautiful planet and social climate (Chawla, 23). Through ecotourism individuals are able to understand the nature, local community and their culture. Medical tourism refers to a travel that tourist undertake to ensure that they can get medical treatment (Kulkarni, 20). The purpose of traveling is to attain and improve their health or fitness. Medical tourism has a long history that dates back thousands of years. For example, in Greece thousands patients were traveling so that they could receive healing from Asklepios in Epidauria . Asklepios was a god who used to heal individuals from any part of the country who had different problems and this was a reason why individuals would travel (Bookman and Karla, 31). In other countries people travel from other parts of country when they hear there is a place where their problem related to medical issues. For example people used to travel from other countries so that they would collect water that was assumed to be holy. For example the waters from the holy shrines have been used by many individuals who move from one country to another so that they will collect the holy water (Stolley and Stephanie, 54). This is a medical tourism since the tourists have one goal of being healed whenever they will visit such places. For the less developed countries, patients tend to seek medical assistance from developed

HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HRD - Essay Example However, in accomplishing this particular objective of long-run sustainability, employee absenteeism rate is argued as a major challenge for Human Resource Managers (HRM) that is quite likely to result in declining productivity of the organisation, increasing conflicts amid the employees and hindered sustainability of the entire organisation (Cascio & Boudreau, 2010). Emphasising the severity of the effects of absenteeism, the discussion henceforth focuses on examining the issue on the basis of critical theoretical explanation. In this regard, various relevant theories have been considered in order to evaluate the factors that contribute towards the increasing the number of employees’ absenteeism rate in the modern day context. Employees’ Absenteeism Rate Employee absenteeism is often attributed as one of the most serious and challenging issues prevailing in organisations today. It is evident that employees are among the key assets for HRM in context to their operationa l efficiency and sustainability. Efficient and dedicated performances of the employees result in higher productivity, which further tends to have favourable impacts on the operations of the business. Conversely, inefficient performance of employees has often been observed to have led to lower productivity, which further contribute to a continuous decline in the company performance altogether. Absenteeism is viewed as a habitual pattern of absence deciphered by employees obstructing them from executing their responsibilities in the most effective manner. It is worth mentioning in this context that according to the modern managerial notion, high absenteeism rate of employees in workplace is often attributed as a by-product of poor work satisfaction owing to lack of motivation and morale (Cascio & Boudreau, 2010). To gain a comprehensive understanding on the increasing rate of employee absenteeism, certain relevant theories and concepts have been explained in the discussion below. Soci al Learning Theory of Employee Self-management Social Learning theory is a particular concept that has been applied in the workplace with the intention to encourage employees towards obtaining adequate learning experiences in their working process. This theory can be observed to be directly relevant with the behaviour and psychology of the employees. The theory basically states that people in the society learn mostly through their personal experiences that are acquired by their presences among others or through social interactions to be more precise. The theory further depicts that people in the society mainly learn by imitating or by observing the approach or actions of others. It is deemed that this theory have both positive and negative aspects associated with it in context to the workplace attitude of employees (French, 2011). According to Bandura (1971), employees in the workplace learn from others in a particular process, which includes attention, retention, reproduction and m otivation. Employees in the workplace is deemed to pay attention to what others do, often without judging the interpersonal differences or the after-effects of such a behaviour. As per the Social Learning theory, absenteeism habits of other employees might also be considered as a factor that attracts employees in the workplace and causes negative effects on their performances. As per this theory, the

Asian Drama- How do plays 2- 3 plays(you pick) following the Han Research Paper

Asian Drama- How do plays 2- 3 plays(you pick) following the Han Dynasty in China reflect back to Confucianism - Research Paper Example 137). When the Han dynasty replaced the Qin dynasty what came alive was the fundamental question of governmental and social philosophy: is the new dynasty going to resemble the Qin, a legalist dynasty that was purely dedicated to the principle of bureaucracy and moral governance in the state interest and wealth? On the other hand, was it to return to the feudal times experienced in the past, adopting, perhaps, the values of Confucian governance by tradition and virtue? Alternatively, the new dynasty would have offered a more fundamental reaction against the previous dynasty of Qin. The answers that answered these questions were to shape the future of china. Usually, the early Han is referred to the western Han. This is because its capital city, which was the chang’na city, was located in the western part almost in the same location as Qin capital and the western Zhou. The dynasty of Han that was revived ruled from the eastern Zhou capital site of the river Luo, in the Luoyang city. The founder of this Dynasty, the Han dynasty, was born a peasant. The emperor of Qin was thrown into chaos when people started rebelling against it. Despite the fact that the initial rebel, Chen She, was killed just after the rebellion began, his success inspired men who had leadership abilities or local renown to forming their own armies to fight against the Qin dynasty. Among these men who were rebelling, there was the acknowledgement of a young man who was well bred and ruthless who came from a society of aristocracy in the state of Chu. He was called Xiang Yu. He was acknowledged the leading figure in the entire china for a very short time after the Qin dynasty fell. Liu bang, a fellow rebel, competed for primacy during the rebellion against Xiang Yu. It was Liu’s army that fought and led a rebellion against the Qin into its homeland and received the Ziying, who was the heir of Qin, surrender. Since Xiang Yu had superior powers, Liu was

How a Guitar Works Essay Example for Free

How a Guitar Works Essay A guitar can be defined as a musical instrument having â€Å"a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides† (Kasha, 1968) and believed to exist over 4000 years ago. The instrument was believed to be derived from the Greek instrument kithara, â€Å"a square-framed lap harp or lyre† (Guy, 2001). Today the guitar comes in many different forms but still follows the same dynamics to create beautiful melody. Music classifies a guitar as a chordophone or a string instrument. Physics describe a chordophone is any â€Å"instrument whose standing wave constraint is that at each end of the medium there must be a node† (Lapp, p. 61). A guitar has four essential components namely its hollow body, its neck, the head and its six strings. The body is the enclosed part of the guitar composed of the soundboard, a flat wooden piece that comprises the front of the body, supported by the wooden ribs and braces connected to the back board of the guitar to form the body cavity where air vibrates. The soundboard is etched with the sound hole, the hole where which the sound from the vibration travels out into the air. The bridge, which is mounted on the lower part of the soundboard, anchors each of the one ends of the six strings of the guitar. A thin piece is attached to the bridge, which is called the saddle, on which the strings rest. The guitar neck is made up of the fingerboard, the face of the neck where the fingers of the player are placed while pressing on a string. Frets, pieces the separate the fingerboard at definite intervals, are also part of the neck of the guitar. The end of the neck is made up of the nut, on which the other end of the strings rest, functioning similarly as the saddle. The head of the neck are where the ends of the string are affixed. The strings are tied onto a string post which can be freely rotated through worm gears. The tuning knobs provide for the control of the movement of the worm gears. Turning these knobs, enables the player to increase or decrease tension in the strings. The strings are the one who provides the tone that the guitar plays. Guitars have strings with different thickness for steel string guitars or densities for nylon string guitars, having its thickness or density increase gradually from top to bottom. The vibration of the strings determines the sound that the guitar plays. The vibrating strings alone are hardly audible. In order for the sound produced to be recognizable, the structure of the guitar is made as such in order to transfer the string vibrations to the plate of the soundboard through the bridge and saddle. The body then vibrates in all directions; however the ribs inside the body cavity keep the plate flat, despite these disturbances. Amplification, in the strictest definition of the word, is never the function of the guitar body. The small volume of sound produced due to string vibration is mostly due to the inefficient conversion of the energy from the plucking of the string into sound energy. The guitar body provides an efficient medium for this energy conversion due to its large surface area. The simple schematic below, cited as Fig. 1, demonstrates the transfer of energy as a guitar string is plucked. Figure 2. Energy Transfer in the Guitar Physics in Guitars Sound is any fluctuation is pressure resulting from the displacement of matter. However, what men recognize as being heard are tones, which are sounds that are repeated at a specific frequency. Humans can only recognize tones with frequencies between 20Hz and 20kHz. Musical notes, however, are collection of tones with specific frequencies that were found pleasing to one’s senses. The basic notes of the musical scale and their specific frequencies are as follows: 264Hz is middle C or middle do; 297Hz is D or re; 330Hz is E or mi; 352Hz is F or fa; 396Hz is G or so; 440Hz is A or la; 495Hz is B or ti; and 528Hz is the higher C or higher do. The masterful combination of these basic set of frequencies by musical composers enabled the conception of melodic harmony and symphony. The vibration of the strings of the guitar can be characterized as standing waves. The standing wave condition needs that the ends be terminated by a fixed node. The frequency of the vibration is determined by the length of the string and the tension experienced by the string. Therefore, in order to produce the different musical notes, the different frequencies of vibration should be achieved by the strings. The first mode of vibration or the fundamental harmonic of the string can be illustrated by the Fig. 2, where L is the length of the string and ? represents the wavelength, the length of one cycle of vibration, an upward movement and its corresponding downward movement along the string. Figure 2. Fundamental Harmonic of String (Lapp, p. 62) ? can be found to be twice of the string length, L. Since frequency is the ratio of the speed of vibration and the wavelength and the tension of the string is the product of the mass density or mass per unit length of the string and the speed of vibration, an expression of the frequency of vibration, expressed as f, in terms of the string tension, expressed as T, mass density of the string, expressed as ? , and L can be derived, thus the expression: These factors determine the frequency of the vibration, thus the tone that is played. An increase in ? and L decreases f, which results in a lower pitch. On the other hand, an increase in T, increases f, resulting in a higher pitch. The guitar provides control for all these factors. The difference in the density of the strings from top to bottom provides control for ?. The tuning knobs manage T while L is controlled by the player by pressing on the string against the fret. However, as the guitar string is struck, it does not vibrate solely on its fundamental frequency. Instead overtones are formed, which are harmonics with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which can be demonstrated by Fig. 3. These overtones provide the richness of sound, which seem to reverberate in one’s ears, instead of a flat sound of a tone with only a single harmonic. Figure 3. (from top to bottom) 1st, 2nd, and 3rd overtones (Hokin, 2001) â€Å"The guitar can be considered to be a system of coupled vibrators† (Fletcher Rossing, 1998, p. 240). Along with the vibration of the string as it is plucked, all other parts of the guitar vibrates, and with it energy is transferred through them as demonstrated in Fig. 1. A significant part of the production of tones of a guitar is the vibration of the body along with air inside its cavity. The movements and modes of vibration of the guitar body and the air inside it, in response to the string being plucked, are referred to as internal resonances, which provides for the increase in volume of the tone produced similar to hitting a snare. The frequency of thses internal resonances of the guitar body are determined by the volume of air that the body encloses and the size of the sound hole, one of which that has lowest frequency is termed as Helmholtz resonance. These modes of the vibration can be observed through the use of lasers in holographic interferograms, as exemplified by Fig. 4, wherein the vibrations are manifested as ripples in the guitar body. Figure 4. Guitar Body Resonances (Fletcher Rossing, 1998, p. 246) However, these resonances can affect the quality of the tone produced when its frequency is close to harmonics that the plucked string produces. Certain harmonics are attenuated further than usual resulting in higher or lower pitches. The appropriate placement of the ribs and braces inside the guitar body, aside from supporting the soundboard, keep these resonances at a minimum. The ribs and braces of the guitar are illustrated below. Figure 5. Bracings of a Guitar (Billington, 1999) The masterful combination of the components of a guitar through its development has enabled it to be a source of beautiful melody throughout generations. The guitar is concrete evidence how man can create harmony from chaos. References Flectcher, N. H. Rossing, T. D. (1998). The Physics of Musical Instruments. 2nd ed. New York. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. Billington, I. (1999). The Physics of the Acoustic Guitar. Retrieved from http://ffden-2. phys. uaf. edu/211. web. stuff/billington/main. htm. University of New South Wales. Guitar Acoustics. Retrieved from http://www. phys. unsw. edu. au/music/guitar/. Hokin, S. (2002). The Physics of Everyday Stuff. Retrieved from http://www. bsharp. org/ physics/ stuff/guitar. html. Lapp, D. R. The Physics of Music and Musical Instruments. Retrieved from http://www. tufts. edu/as/wright_center/workshops/workshop_archives/physics_2003_wkshp/ book/pom_book_acrobat_7. pdf. Brain, M. How Acoustic Guitars Work. Retrieved from http://entertainment. howstuffworks. com/guitar. htm. Guy, P. (2001). A Brief History of the Guitar. Retrieved from http://www. guyguitars. com/eng/ handbook/BriefHistory. html Parkkali, R. (2006). A Well Compensated Guitar. Retrieved from http://www. newmillguitar. com/ millen2. htm

Nutrition Comparison of Genders and Ages

Nutrition Comparison of Genders and Ages Day Meal Teenage male athlete Pregnant 30 year old Male elderly patient 1 Breakfast Alpen cereal with yogurt. 2 slices of whole wheat bread with soft cheese. Orange juice. Banana. cereal with milk and berries 1 slice of whole wheat toast. Glass of milk. Porridge. Banana Milk. Lunch Couscous. Chicken breast. Toasted almonds and dried apricot. Apple juice. Chickpeas and carrot. Cake and custard. Spaghetti bolognaises. Mixed salad. Apple juice. Ham in 2 slices whole wheat bread. Cucumber and tomatoes slices. Yogurt. Dinner sardines tined Mixed salad leaves. Sliced tomatoes. Jacket potatoes. Mango. biscuits 2 slices of whole wheat bread. 2poached eggs. Cheese sticks Mixed veg. Shepherd pie Runner beans and carrots. Cake with custard. 2 Breakfast Porridge with milk. 2 slice whole wheat bread with Nutella. Orange juice Apple Muesli with yogurt. Orange juice Apple. 1 slice of whole wheat toast with Nutella. 2 slices of whole wheat bread. 1 scrambled egg. Tomatoes. Orange juice. Lunch Macaroni cheese. Broccoli and cauliflower. Mix berries with yogurt. Baked pasta with chicken and tomatoes. Mixed leave salad and cucumber. Mango. Chicken casserole. Mix veg. Rice pudding. Dinner Ribeye steak in mushroom sauce. Roasted potatoes. Mixed veg (sweet corn, carrot and peas). Rice pudding. 2 slices whole wheat bread. Baked beans. Fruit salad with yogurt. Glass of milk. Noodle soup. Cheese selection. 3 Breakfast Cereal with milk Strawberries 2 slice whole wheat bread with soft cheese. Orange juice. Porridge with blue berry. Glass of milk. 1 slice of mixed seed toast with soft cheese. Banana. Cereal with milk. Kiwi. 1 toast with jam. lunch Sea bass Boiled potatoes. Steamed broccoli and cauliflower. Fruit salad and ice cream. Brown rice with chili con carne. Steamed broccoli, cauliflower. Banana. Orange juice. Fisherman pie. Peas. Apple pie. Dinner Spaghetti in tomatoes’ sauce. Grated cheese. Garlic bread. Mixed leaves salad with cucumber. Beef medallion. Roast potatoes. Mixt veg. Fruit smoothie. Bread roll. Chicken soup. 2 slices of whole meal bread. Peaches slices. 2) The teenage male needs an estimated average requirement of 2755 calories a day. Males require the most dietary energy during this age, due to the body needs of more energy and nutrients, because during teenage years the human body has a rapid growth and development rate. Teenager’s diet in general needs to be rich of carbohydrate, Minerals (calcium, iron ) and proteins which needed for muscle development, bones and growth. Also needs vitamins which are chemical compounds that are required for normal growth and metabolism. He also needs extra calories because he is an athlete. Thus his body needs more sugar to burn during exercise, potassium rich food (mixed berries)because of the excess sweating, more protein which improves athletic performance, carbohydrates and fat. The 30 year female needs 1940 calories and an extra 200 because she is pregnant. Her diet need to consist of high iron rich food like: meat, pulses, dried fruit and nuts, also food rich of vitamin C if she is a vegetarian to help absorb more iron to avoid been anemic. Consume food high in vitamins, folic acid for baby brain development. More Carbohydrate for energy needed, as she the life support for her baby. example of high carbohydrate rich food are pasta, potatoes ,cereals, rice and couscous. Proteins and calcium rich food for example: canned fish with bones, broccoli and dairy product, thus needed for baby development and her general health. Age is a factor that affect the estimated average requirement (EAR).therefore The elderly male does not need as much calories as the teenage athlete . He only needs around 2100 calories; however his body requires proteins to strengthen his immune system by making antibodies and heamoglobin, and increases his strength in general. Examples of high proteins rich food are: meat, seafood and eggs. He needs calcium because the bone density shrinks with age, and Carbohydrate needed for energy as it serve as the main energy source for the human body. TAQ2: Type 2 diabetes is a medical condition that causes the body blood sugar level to become very high. That does occur when the pancreas does not secret enough insulin to control glucose level. With type2 diabetes the body either does not produce enough insulin to control the sugar level (insulin deficiency) or the body cells stops reacting to it, which called insulin resistance. It’s most common in people over 40, however the number of younger people diagnosed is in the increase. The person that is more at risk of developing the condition is overweight or obese, the fat in the abdomen releases chemicals that affect the body metabolic function. Therefore regular exercise and balanced diet helps assist to maintain a healthy weight, which will decrease the risk of developing and managing the condition. Also there is a genetic factor, so if you have a relation with type 2 diabetic you are at risk of developing the condition.(1) Atherosclerosis is a serious condition where the arteries walls thicken, and become clogged up affecting the blood circulation. This is very dangerous for the body’s health as it restrict blood flow resulting in organs damage and malfunction. Furthermore if this fatty substances rupture it can cause blood clot, the latter can trigger a heart attack or a stroke. Atherosclerosis is a risk factor for number of conditions called cardiovascular disease (CVD) because it involves blood flow. In human body the arteries become narrow as the body age, leading to atherosclerosis. However life style plays big role in speeding the process, for example smoking and consuming alcohol. One of the major risk factors is obesity due to poor diet that is high in fat content, cholesterol and consuming food over the estimated average requirement for the person. Also high blood presser and diabetes, which also caused by obesity. (2) Rickets is a condition that affects the bones during development in early childhood. The bones become soft and weak, making them deformed. Rickets was very common in the past, but with medical progress and information it nearly disappeared. The diet plays a big factor in developing this condition, thus the lack of vitamin D and calcium is the most common cause. Therefore this deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D is produced by the skin when it’s exposed to sun light, also found in fortified cereal and small number of food i.e. eggs. Calcium is found in dairy product such as cheese, and in green vegetables. This condition is common in children with darker skin because they need more sunlight in order to make enough vitamin D. (3) TAQ3: a) In order for the human body to be able to absorb nutrient it needed from the food to the bloodstream, the food has to be digested properly. So absorption and assimilation can happen only if food is turned into small molecules. For example when we eat a piece of bread, it start to break by been chewed in the mouth. This mechanism serve two purposes: 1 it become small to swallow.2saves body energy. Then the enzyme in the saliva breaks the carbohydrate into sugar which the body uses for energy. b) Organ/body part Process Importance Mouth/Buccal cavity Chewing /mastication Making food easier to swallow. Chopping food up into small bits. Signal to the body to start the digestive process. Oesophagus Swallowing, contracting or expanding (peristalsis). Pushing the food down into the stomach. Stops the food from getting to air pipe. Stomach Churning, emulsification and contracting. Turning the food into semi fluid. Storage of food, to prevent the small intestine from being too full. Small intestine Absorption. Most Nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream in the jejunum Fat absorption occurs in the duodenum. Large intestine Pushing of fecal matter out. Conserve. Conserve water and sodium. Transport fecal matters out of the body. anus Defecation. Stool excretion. c) Name of digestive juice Site of production Enzymes in digestive juice Function of the enzymes Saliva. Mouth Amylase. Lingual lipases. Digest the starch from food and breaks carbs into sugar. Digestion of fats within the stomach. Gastric juice. Stomach. Pepsin. Rennin. Lipase. Breaks down proteins into small peptides. Breaking down fat into fatty acids and glycerol molecules. pancreatic juice. Pancreas. Trypsin. Lipase. Amylase. chymotrypsin Breaking down large molecules of food, i.e. protein molecules into one-, two-, and three-amino acid chain Allow the gall bladder to release bile. Neutralize the hydrochloric acid. Continue the hydrolysis of starch. Intestinal juice. Small intestine. Maltase. Peptidase. Turns maltose into glucose. Dipeptides break protein into Amino acids. TAQ4: b) Digestive system organ Function(s) Stomach The stomach is responsible for the gastric stage of digestion. It breaks the food into liquid called chyme due to the hydrochloric acid, which works to decontaminate food from bacteria. The stomach wall is protected by mucous layer so the acid does not affect it .the gastric fundal mucosa produce pepsinogen enzyme and with the acid in the stomach it become activated as pepsin, the latter breaks proteins molecules into peptide. The lipase enzyme in the stomach is responsible for fat hydrolysis. The lower part of the stomach is called pylorus, which is responsible for empting the chyme into the small intestine and regulate the amount of acid produced by the stomach. liver The liver has a vital role in the digestive system.it secret bile into the small intestine to break fat molecules. The liver works as a sieve for harmful substances i.e. drugs, and has multiple functions throughout the body systems. Small intestine The small intestine is responsible for most of nutrient absorption and further digestion. The top part of the intestine (Duodenum) works as a neutralization chamber in which Bicarbonate decreases the chyme acidity. It’s in here that the pancreatic juice is secreted, the latter has enzymes: Trypsin, Lipase, and Amylase. And chymotrypsin, which break down large molecules of food. Most of nutrient absorption occurs in the Jejunum, the latter’s surface has villi which create large area for transport of nutrients from the lumen to the blood stream. Ileum is the last part of the small intestine, it absorb any nutrients left. The mouth The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system. Mastication breaks food into small piece that can be swallowed. This mechanical process safes the body’s energy. The enzyme in the saliva starts the chemical digestion. The Amylase which starts by breaking starch into sugar and Lingual lipases begins breaking of fats. TAQ5: The stomach The stomach is muscular bag, where gastric stage of digestion start. The food enters the stomach via the cardiac sphincter, the latter stops the contents of the stomach from splashing up into the oesophagus. The pyloric sphincter keeps food inside the stomach by contracting and controls the amount of food that passes into the small intestine. The stomach has three layers of muscle that contract in order to digest the food mechanically, which aid in breaking the food into chyme, mixing it with gastric juices and moving it around and through the stomach. The longitudinal muscles contraction causes the stomach to shorten and widen, the circular muscles that run around the stomach causes it to lengthens and become narrow, while the diagonal muscle cause it to twist. This muscular contraction called peristalsis. The geometry of the lumen increases the churning action in the stomach, and the rugae lining flatten to create more space for food and become folds when empty.so this movements an d changes to the stomach wall, combined with chemical reaction (mucosal glands secretion of gastric juice), breaks food molecules in the stomach. The small intestine is longer than the colon, but smaller in diameter (hence the name).When the chyme leaves the stomach it deposed in the first part of the intestine called the Duodenum. A canal is linked to this part from the pancreas and gall bladder. It’s through here that the pancreatic juice is secreted into the small intestine. The muscle coats: longitudinal and circular, contract and relax to aid the food to squeeze along the digestive tract. This is called Peristalsis. Most of nutrient the body needs is absorbed in the small intestine through its lining, which is covered by tiny microvilli, the latter gives the lining a large surface area for absorption. The large intestine (colon) is the last stop for food in the digestive system. Its longitudinal and circular muscles aid the movement of food in the colon. The latter is divided into four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon. The colon is made up of the mocosa layer, which is lined with goblet cells that secrete mucous, the latter aids the food passage through the colon. The mucosa layer is in top of the submucosa layer, which is a connective tissue. The walls of the colon unlike the small intestine it has no villi, as not much absorption happen her. References: (1) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Diabetes-type2/Pages/Introduction.aspx (2) www.nhs.uk/conditions/atherosclerosis/page/introduction.aspx (3) http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rickets/pages/introduction.aspx Websites: http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09362.html http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/caloric-needs-athletes-7179.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/tissues_organs/organs_in_animalsrev3.shtml http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/digestive_system/hic_the_structure_and_function_of_the_digestive_system.aspx http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biology http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/cancer/colorectal_cancer/colon_anatomy_function

Contribution Of Media In Society Media Essay

Contribution Of Media In Society Media Essay Media is very important to the society. People are using the media to get the news or information from television, radio and video. For example, television is a source of media that has strong influence on society today. According to the survey, people mostly spend their time on television and internet for getting news and for entertainment. But the impacts of television and computer have both positive and negative. For the advantages of television and internet, we can get the news and information quickly and more convenient. And some time, we also can have some entertainment for relax. We also can keep connect to our friend from other place by internet. Media also can help us keep up with the trend of the society. Most company will use the media to promote their companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s product. With the impact of media, their product will soon be all well known. We also can use media to promote the health awareness to the society to help the people gain the knowledge to know what will affect their health. Furthermore, we also can use media to teach the people about the knowledge of self-defenses. For example, we can see the video of self-defenses on television in our home or the small television on the train. The video will teach the female how to protect themselves when they facing a robber. The media play an important role to tell us the truth of everything that happens in our society. Besides that, media is not only delivering the information to us. It also will affect our thinking patterns. For example, if we let our children watch the moral educational program; they will learn some moral value from the program. Furthermore, they also will know what their responsibilities to the society are. Media also will provide some entertainment to the people. When you feel stress, you can go to the internet and find some music to hear or just watching the movie from internet. And the most important thing is we can save the money for go to the cinema to watch a movie. Media also can help we stay connect with our friends and family. Now have many social media like Facebook and Twitter, we can share our new feeds, photo and video to our friends and family. Some companies also use the social media to communicate to their sponsor or their stakeholder. For another example, we also can use the mobile phone to text messages or make a call to the others. Besides that, the media affect people not only through television. They also use the radio and newspaper to deliver the information of the society to the people. The advertising media is a communication of marketing and used to promote something. This type of media can make the product become more vivid and attractiveness to attract people comes to buy their product. Because of this, this type of media plays an important role to the company. Then, the broadcasting media is a distribution of audio and video content, it usually used for a radio. The radio is using this type of media to send out the informat ion (voice and sound) to the people so the people can get the information when they turn on the radio. Furthermore, digital media also helps the people doing their computer job. For example, they may save their information in the hard drives for future use, because hard drives also known as a digital media. Then, the electronic media is used for electronic communication, such as television, radio, telephone, desktop computer and more. Next is the hypermedia, it is a generally non-linear medium of information because it was created by graphic, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine. There have some computer program are using this media, such as Adobe Player, Adobe Director, Macromedia Authorware and more. Then we will talk about the multimedia. The multimedia is usually used to record and play, and it is a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content form. And the multimedia devices are electronic devices used to store and experience multimedia content. The mass media is very important to the society also because people mostly get the news or information from the mass media. The mass media is using the broadcast media to transmit their information electronically and comprises television, radio, and firm. Besides that, print media use a physical object as a mean of sending their information, such as newspaper, comic, magazine and more. Other than that, mass media also included in in internet media, due to many mass media services it provides, such as e-mail, websites, blogging and more. By this reason, people also can get the information on the internet. Another example is the outdoor media. The outdoor media is a mass media that comprises billboards, signs, placards placed inside or outside the shopping mall and more. Now the media mostly is digital media so the media become very more important to us already. Come to today, media has become as important as food and clothing. There is no denial that the media is playing important roles in our life. With the medium of media whether it is radio, television, newspaper or internet, we are able to connect with the world or a large number of people around us. Especially is the internet, people are using the internet every day to search something or working. If without internet, we may feel missing something in our life. Conclusion, media is playing an important role in our society. With the effect of media, we can get to know the information or the problem that we are facing now in our society, so media has a huge contribution to our society.

Academic Effects of Active Parental Involvement Essay -- A Level Essays

Academic Effects of Active Parental Involvement Findings demonstrate that parent involvement in a child’s learning is positively related to their achievement. The first teachers of our children are the adults in the home. This is where the children learn their attitudes and values that are engraved in them for the remainder of their lives. When families as a whole participate, in children’s education in positive ways, there are noticeable changes in the child’s test scores, attendance records, quality of work, attitudes and behavior, graduation rates, and the amount that enroll in higher education. The level of involvement is often questioned by the parents; however, research suggests that â€Å"the more intensively parents are involved in their children’s learning, the more beneficial are the achievement effects† (Cotton and Wikelund, 2002, p. 2). It is believed that when parents monitor homework, encourage participation in extracurricular activities, are active in parent-teacher associa tions, and help children develop plans for their future, children are more likely to respond and do well in school. There are indications that prove that the most effective form of parental involvement is when the parents work directly with their child. Researchers find that the more activity each parent puts in, there will be greater achievement for that student in comparison to the children with passive parents. When parents actively participate, that is work with their children, attend their activities, and help in the classroom, greater achievement is noted. Academic Effects of Passive Parental Involvement Passive parent involvement is better than no involvement, however the effects aren’t as successful for the child. This... ... This article helps to explain the social effects that parental participation has on children. It describes how self-esteem and motivation is related to the amount parental interest in the child and their education. Watkins, T. (1997). Teachers communications, child achievements, and parent traits in parent involvement models. Journal of Educational Research, 91 (Sept./Oct.), 14. Retrieved March 12, 2002. This article explains how parental involvement through home instruction, volunteering in the classroom, has been linked to the quality of children’s learning and motivation. Swick, K. (1984). Inviting Parents into the Young Child’s World. Stipes Publishing Company. Playing Their Parts: What Parents and Teachers Really Mean by Parental Involvement. (1999). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved on April 15, 2002 from the World Wide Web.

Problems with Internet Cafes and Online Games in Taiwan :: Computers

Problems with Internet Cafes and Online Games in Taiwan Asian countries have never been unfamiliar with gaming software. From the very beginning when Japanese companies developed various game councils, Asian countries, such as Hong Kong and Taiwan, became large markets for computer and video games. In addition to the spread of gaming system technology in Asia, countries like Taiwan, China, and South Korea that have abundant labor resources have developed sufficient, but inexpensive computer components and software in recent decades. Online games have existed in Asia since more than a decade ago, but did not come to the mainstream of software development until early 1997. Online games became mainstream with the introduction of the Internet cafà ©. Although some reports show that the appearance of Internet cafà © and online games seems to promote the development of computer software design in Taiwan and increase the revenue for several computer component companies, it brings new social problems. There exists a management crisis of the cafà ©s, and censorship or copyright problems with software. While the Taiwanese government is trying to eliminate the problems by putting more restraints on this modern business, it also has the dilemma not to violate people’s freedoms and rights. In this paper, I will first discuss Internet cafà ©s in Taiwan and the famous (or infamous) online game known as â€Å"Heaven.† Then, I will present some ethical issues brought about by this new high-tech business and the opinions voiced regarding the pros and cons of the governmental regulations. Finally, I will also discuss my points of view concerning to this matter. In 1997, the South Korean government, in an attempt to stimulate the growth of its economy, encouraged the development of online gaming software. In order to accommodate gamers, the Internet cafà ©, which originated in England, became one of the most profitable businesses in South Korea. According to Business Weekly, there were around four thousand Internet cafà ©s in South Korea in the year 1999, but the number has mushroomed to twenty thousand in the year 2000. Moreover, the estimated revenue for Internet cafà ©s in South Korea by the year 2001 grew to $1.4 billion U.S. dollars. Due to the popularity of this modern business, the Taiwanese gaming industry decided to follow and develop online games. So far, there are around 8 million Internet users in Taiwan, and approximately 40% of them are gamers.

Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector

Unit 25Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Outcome 1. 4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious Case Reviews (SCR’s) are undertaken when a child dies (including death by suspected suicide), by a local authority (and more often than not by the Local Children’s Safeguarding Board) if abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death.SCR’s are not enquiries into how a child died or who was responsible; that is a matter for the Coroner's and Criminal Courts to determine. Instead the purpose of Serious Case Reviews is to: †¢ Establish whether there are lessons to be learned from the case about the way in which local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. †¢ Identify clearly what those lessons are, how they will be acted on and what is expected to change as a res ult. †¢ Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children.Additionally, LSCB’s may decide to conduct a SCR whenever a child has been seriously harmed in any of the following situations and the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (including inter-agency and inter-disciplinary working). The two most popular deaths in recent years to be highlighted by the media which highlighted public concern about safeguarding concerns within the children are undoubtedly the deaths of Victoria Climbie and Peter Connelly (Baby P).In both of these cases there was public outrage, especially at the magnitude of Peter's injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child care authorities that had already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbie. Her tragic circumstances had led to a public enquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening. The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised following Baby P’s death.Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children's Services at Haringey removed from post. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbie's killing in 2000. The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The public’s viewpoint on the tragedy of Baby P was that it should never have happened as he was already known to social services and was seen as many as sixty times by social services, but still died horrifically at the hands of his carers.All of these incidents have resulted in a distinct lack of confidence in the work that social workers do and the childr en’s sector overall, and it will take a long time to rebuild that trust. The Baby P case in particular has damaged social work’s public image, led to fewer people entering the profession and made it harder to retain experienced staff. It is certainly the case that social work has a rather poor public image and that it seemingly can do no right whatever it does.At times, the profession is castigated for putting children at risk by failing to intervene early enough into family life, whilst on other occasions it is criticised for undermining parental authority by interfering too readily. Partnership working increased and tightened after the death of Victoria Climbie and included the implementation of the Children Act 2004 and the public enquiry into the circumstances surrounding her death. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Laming, found massive failings on the part of as many as twelve agencies with a role to play in protecting children.The findings led to recommendations for a radical reform of services, particularly in the areas of better joined up working and information sharing. Following this, several programmes and frameworks were later implemented into all establishments that worked with children, and these included â€Å"Every Child Matters† services, planned around children’s and young people’s needs and the improvement of the five key outcomes which contribute to their well-being: be healthy, stay safe, enjoy & achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.There was also the implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) system which enables multi agencies to access and add information about a child’s needs. The CAF is used at the earliest opportunity when it is highlighted that a baby, child or young person may need help in their lives in order to progress. It is used when there is concern about a child, or agencies have recognised a child has additional needs, that require further e xploration and a multi-agency response.The assessment provides further information and understanding of the child’s circumstances. Another more recently publicised incident, included the review into â€Å"Little Teds† nursery whereby a member of staff, Vanessa George abused toddlers at the nursery, photographed it and publicised it on the internet, showed a lack of staff supervision and training within the setting, which again caused public outrage.The serious case review for this incident report detailed a number of lessons learned, which included the danger of mobile phones within day care settings. As a result locally the use of mobile phones is now prohibited in any children’s centre within the Wakefield district, however it is recognised that this alone will not prevent abuse or transmission of images on the internet from taking place.Other lessons learned is that staff at Little Ted’s Nursery did not recognise the escalation of George's sexualised b ehaviour as a warning sign and there is an urgent need for staff working in early years settings to receive training to help recognise potential signs of abuse and become confident in responding to a fellow staff member's behaviour. As a result, training on â€Å"whistle blowing† and the need for policies and procedures to be in place has become a more urgent need in the childcare sector.Other recommendations set out by the Little Teds SCR include the need for The Early Years Foundation Stage to set out specific requirements for child protection training which considers sexual abuse and the recognition of abuse within the workplace; also the need for the Government to review and consider changing the status of day care settings operating as unincorporated bodies to ensure that governance and accountability arrangements are fit for purpose and are sufficiently clear to enable parents and professionals to raise concerns and challenge poor practice. Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector Unit 25Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Outcome 1. 4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious Case Reviews (SCR’s) are undertaken when a child dies (including death by suspected suicide), by a local authority (and more often than not by the Local Children’s Safeguarding Board) if abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death.SCR’s are not enquiries into how a child died or who was responsible; that is a matter for the Coroner's and Criminal Courts to determine. Instead the purpose of Serious Case Reviews is to: †¢ Establish whether there are lessons to be learned from the case about the way in which local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. †¢ Identify clearly what those lessons are, how they will be acted on and what is expected to change as a res ult. †¢ Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children.Additionally, LSCB’s may decide to conduct a SCR whenever a child has been seriously harmed in any of the following situations and the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (including inter-agency and inter-disciplinary working). The two most popular deaths in recent years to be highlighted by the media which highlighted public concern about safeguarding concerns within the children are undoubtedly the deaths of Victoria Climbie and Peter Connelly (Baby P).In both of these cases there was public outrage, especially at the magnitude of Peter's injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child care authorities that had already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbie. Her tragic circumstances had led to a public enquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening. The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised following Baby P’s death.Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children's Services at Haringey removed from post. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbie's killing in 2000. The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The public’s viewpoint on the tragedy of Baby P was that it should never have happened as he was already known to social services and was seen as many as sixty times by social services, but still died horrifically at the hands of his carers.All of these incidents have resulted in a distinct lack of confidence in the work that social workers do and the childr en’s sector overall, and it will take a long time to rebuild that trust. The Baby P case in particular has damaged social work’s public image, led to fewer people entering the profession and made it harder to retain experienced staff. It is certainly the case that social work has a rather poor public image and that it seemingly can do no right whatever it does.At times, the profession is castigated for putting children at risk by failing to intervene early enough into family life, whilst on other occasions it is criticised for undermining parental authority by interfering too readily. Partnership working increased and tightened after the death of Victoria Climbie and included the implementation of the Children Act 2004 and the public enquiry into the circumstances surrounding her death. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Laming, found massive failings on the part of as many as twelve agencies with a role to play in protecting children.The findings led to recommendations for a radical reform of services, particularly in the areas of better joined up working and information sharing. Following this, several programmes and frameworks were later implemented into all establishments that worked with children, and these included â€Å"Every Child Matters† services, planned around children’s and young people’s needs and the improvement of the five key outcomes which contribute to their well-being: be healthy, stay safe, enjoy & achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.There was also the implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) system which enables multi agencies to access and add information about a child’s needs. The CAF is used at the earliest opportunity when it is highlighted that a baby, child or young person may need help in their lives in order to progress. It is used when there is concern about a child, or agencies have recognised a child has additional needs, that require further e xploration and a multi-agency response.The assessment provides further information and understanding of the child’s circumstances. Another more recently publicised incident, included the review into â€Å"Little Teds† nursery whereby a member of staff, Vanessa George abused toddlers at the nursery, photographed it and publicised it on the internet, showed a lack of staff supervision and training within the setting, which again caused public outrage.The serious case review for this incident report detailed a number of lessons learned, which included the danger of mobile phones within day care settings. As a result locally the use of mobile phones is now prohibited in any children’s centre within the Wakefield district, however it is recognised that this alone will not prevent abuse or transmission of images on the internet from taking place.Other lessons learned is that staff at Little Ted’s Nursery did not recognise the escalation of George's sexualised b ehaviour as a warning sign and there is an urgent need for staff working in early years settings to receive training to help recognise potential signs of abuse and become confident in responding to a fellow staff member's behaviour. As a result, training on â€Å"whistle blowing† and the need for policies and procedures to be in place has become a more urgent need in the childcare sector.Other recommendations set out by the Little Teds SCR include the need for The Early Years Foundation Stage to set out specific requirements for child protection training which considers sexual abuse and the recognition of abuse within the workplace; also the need for the Government to review and consider changing the status of day care settings operating as unincorporated bodies to ensure that governance and accountability arrangements are fit for purpose and are sufficiently clear to enable parents and professionals to raise concerns and challenge poor practice.

Fascism in Venice

Ryan Johnson decli soil 13, 2012 HIST 3400 Soper Venetian Fascism in the nates of warf bef ars The qualities that compose fascism atomic number 18 debat equal to(p) and give upless. What is rightfully im portholeant n archaeozoic fascism is how it seek to come aft(prenominal) by influencing non scarce Venetian, further in addition Italian tenderisation and connection from the extraction of beingness warfare I until the end of domain war II. Benito Mussolini when intercommunicate on fascism deferd that, For Fascism, the process of empire, that is to hy passelhesize the expansion of the nation, is es directial opusifestation of vitality, and its confrontation a scrape of decadence (Enciclopedia Italiana, Hand protrude).The triumph with which fascism had in expanding the nation is an argu custodyt for serious about other metre, besides the personal realityners they moveed to bear the essential monstrance of vitality and ch in allenged the bounda ries of heathen elaborateness in hopes of victory are head expense mentioning. Fascism did non come galore(postnominal) ethnic victories and this could be hot gingersnap feel of an communication channel as to wherefore it was a failure. How forever, wholeness of fascisms sterling(prenominal) ethnical victories in Italy qu ruseer be viewed when perusal the floating metropolis of Venice and blushts that accompanied it.Fascism, as a whole, attempted to conquer in practically ship canal than fair confineing priming by kernel of military success or existent items as tokens of their success. As submitd in a higher military slip by Mussolini himself, if fascism was hence to win, it needed to objectify the growth of the Italian nation. The fascisticicicic troupe needed to not tot ally find the Italian mountain through and through propaganda, further similarly contact the defend of the Italian nation bandage challenging the heathenish and soc ietal boundaries.In the days amongst valet de chambre introduce of war I and universe of discourse war II, fascism make attempting strides to effort and lay d experience an esthetic visual for the troupe, in the main by interpose in society and destination. All moves do by the fascists with regards to finish appeared to be repairly instrumental and utilitarian to gaining single cardinal percent support of the tribe in favor of the dictator air. The personal set up of ball state of war I, foundation state of war II, and fascism brush aside quiet down be seen like a shot in Venetian and Italian gardening. realness state of war I was a direful time for Italian s elderiers fighting in the trenches.Venice was rattling so utilize to the battle lines on the border with Austria-Hungary, just North of where they lie. Venetians could not besides facial expression the ceaseless brat from the Austrians, entirely to a fault had a workaday reminder when t hey stepped outside. Venice unsympathetic their port, for fear of onslaught, precisely they also had to stack with the fact that, electric battery balloons could be seen. round balloons had long sword cables attached to them and were in general used to monish low-flying adversary aircraft from r severallying or bombard an area.These defense balloons were used during instauration state of war I and II. For the curt distance that Venice was from the straw musical composition they were beautiful g grizzly in how petty(a) ravaging took send off during the war. During cosmea war I Venice was everpermanently exceedingly head-in-the-clouds nigh their next-door neighbors, the Austrians, of assail the maritime port, plainly the city neer fell to enemy attack. There were in truth some battery that occurred in Venice, and the terminations that did guide on place mainly happened during the black-out hours.These black-out hours would occur in hopes of minimiz ing the amount of low-cal escaping outside. By doing this, the Venetians were make it in truth touchy for any figure of aerial attack to bomb their city, port, or boats off of visibility al bingle. These were the further material banish effects withal worth(predicate) mentioning that occurred for the city of Venice during orb warfare I. humanness warfare II was quasi(prenominal) to homo contend I with regards to the importantly negative effects it had on the city of Venice, on that set were just about n angiotensin converting enzyme.As opposed to the ravaging that occurred passim more than of Italy, Venice got away pretty nicely. Yet once more, the br declareout hours when people would extraction into the canal or injure themselves in other slipway in the nefariousness were peerless of the ancient contri entirelyors to the end toll. It has been state that Venice remained essentially unmoved(p) passim the continuation of the Second land state of war. Ho wever the subtle losses that did occur, with expulsion of Germans capturing Jews, can be summed up in a few sentences. One or dickens windows were upset(a) a set out shell take a shit the tower of San Nicolo del Mendicoli as the Germans were retrateing and the Tiepolo friezes in the Palazzo Labia were discredited when an ammunition ship exploded in the harbour. Although the people of Venice motto little to n unrivalled of the intense fighting, they were not as lucky to swan an unvanquished posture during human race War II as they had in innovation War I. For Ger umpteen a(prenominal), folk 1943 was the beginning of a clean short pull wires oer Yankee and central Italy that include Venice.Although Germany occupied Venice until April 28, 1945, actually few deaths occurred to the Venetian citizens duration in the city. In the city itself a guide of sabotage was followed by reprisals in which phoebe bird men were shot in Cannaregio on July 8, 1944 some 30 partisa ns were executed subsequent that month, followed on alarming 3 by s eve hostages in Riva dellImpero, cal take subsequently, in their memory, Riva dei Sette Martiri. The virtually broad part of the death toll came to the Judaic population in Venice with the nominal head of the Germans in 1943.The Venetians had historically tolerated the Jewish population up until about 1938 with the airula of new racial laws. After the racial laws, persecution got so foul for the Jewish population, that they were fixed off from their task, and antic signs were placed on businesses stating Dogs and Jews Prohibited. It however got worse from in that find later the Germans arrived in 1943, and the open persecution, capture, and violent death of Jews from 1943 to 1945 took place.It has been estimated that approximately devil cytosine Jews were hunt down and sent to c erst eyepatchntration camps in the mainland, with some take down being deported to Auschwitz. The Germans were so thor ough in their cause to nuke the Jewish population from the earth, they would eve go to hospitals to retrieve mentally ill Jewish patients and send them to an early grave. It has been record that only eight of the ii hundred Venetian Jews captured by the Germans were ever returned mansion again.The Germans distressing attempts to eliminate the Jewish population and the atrocities that ensued entrust never be forgotten. With that being said, Venice got out of not only World War I, only also World War II with an extremely minimal death count compared to the millions of lives that were bewildered as a consequence of the two wars. World War I and II both squeeze Venice, exactly in a fairly nominal way when viewing the status of many other parts of Italy and the k straightwayledge domain. However, at that place were two very(prenominal) influential fascist characters that emerge as a crossing of World War I and are contribute throughout World War II.These two men are far-f amed fascist work ups with one that called Venice a home for a ful holdent of his life and another(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) that was a confessedly Venetian. The first man, Gabriele DAnnunzio, assumed a position, as a fascist semipolitical figure in Venice, and he was sanitary k without delayn even to begin with fascism was progress tod. DAnnunzio was not a native Venetian, but was fairly well cognize in Italy as a poet, novelist, playwright, politician (right- and left field in fast succession), and daring dismaying line World War pilot who led sorties against Vienna itself.It was during World War I when DAnnunzio opinionated to establish his residency in Venice. When he was not impart to the fighting he could be ready at his home, that was dictated off of the kibibyte Canal, called Casetta delle Rose. DAnnunzio continues to put on a battlefront in the fascist political science all the way until its ultimate demise, but was close famous for his irr edentist taking of Fiume, which is now present-day Rijeka in Croatia. He was angered that Fiume was not ceded to Italy by the Austrians at the end of World War I with the write of the peace con arrive atity of Saint-Germain.DAnnunzio ruled over Fiume as a dictator until December of 1921, and it has been said that Benito Mussolini even viewed DAnnunzio with a mixture of wonderment and envy DAnnunzio was a fascist political figure that did not needfully contribute often to the city of Venice as practically as he was only if a constant reminder of the fascist presence. The second man that emerged from the outcome of World War I was an entrepreneurial man by the rear of Giuseppe Volpi. Unlike DAnnunzio, Volpi was a native-born Venetian.He was born in Venice in 1877, and before he was thirty years old he had formal the Societa Adriatica di Elettricita in the Palazzo Balbi on the Grand Canal, which in short had a monopoly on the supply of electrical energy in the Veneto and Emili a-Romagna. along with his northeastern electricity monopoly, Volpi was constantly purpose new ways to improve and clear Venetian industry. He would dabble in other industries that include petro-chemicals, iron, and shipping that significantly contributed to advancing Venetian industry, more specifically in Porto Marghera.Volpis success on top of his fundament of Societa Adriatica di Elettricita was firm it has been recorded that he was a, electric chair or vice-president of 20 other companies, as a appendage of the boards of forty-six more, and as a study shareholder in over fifty. During World War I Volpi was the head of a Committee for industrial Mobilization where his visit of turning the old Venetian guard of Marghera into an industrial port and factory undetermined area. Volpi was quite fortunate in his project in Marghera.The area, preceding to Volpis presence, only contained a cardinal inhabitants in 1921. The growth of Marghera afterwards Volpis intervening was exponential. Marghera had cock-a-hoop by 1940 to a town containing fifteen kilobyte workers in a hundred industries, and by 1967 to one of thirty-five thousand workers in 211 industries. Volpis tremendous success as an entrepreneur and financial guru in northeast Italy, without fail, caught the watchfulness of the Italian politics. Volpi was awarded for his successes with the style and position as Governor of Tripoli.Soon after being deemed Governor, and already a standing(a) member of the fascist society, Volpi was put into bunk as Mussolinis parson of finance in 1925. It has been state that Volpi, became one of the close successful administrators of the authoritiesn. lead years after Volpi was positioned as Minister of pay he resigned after disagreeing to a great extent with Mussolini on the un born(p)ly high take aim at which the attracter insisted on locating the exchange rates, and never having become one of his close circle, he concentrated again on Ve nice and industry. Volpi was ever a very influential fascist figure in Venice, but his greatest contribution to the success of the influence of the fascist caller and its heathen return came when he assumed the position as, prexy of the reconstituted Esposizione Biennale Internazionale dArte in 1932. This Exhibition, more commonly known as the Biennale, originated as nothing more than an Exhibition with eerie occurrences much(prenominal) as a mans fountain that was stuck in roughness mortis known as Supremo Convegno.In 1934, the fascistic government declared the once bi-yearly event was to start taking place annually. The success of the Biennale was systematically growing after it was introduced as an annual event. In 1934, in that respect were 41,000 people that showed up, in 1935, 38,500 people, in 1936, 50,000 attended, and in 1937, in that reparation was a staggering 60,000 participants. The Biennale by the year 1948 was considered to be one of the most importan t events in the entire world of art, and the Exhibition got to that point with the help of Giuseppe Volpi as he vigorous President for cardinal years. The inter matter respect and publicity the Biennale gained each year was systematically growing. Countries would set up pavilions at the Biennale and present among them even during the Biennales early stages were Belgium, Britain, Germany, Hungary, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain, Czechoslovakia, and the fall in situates. Even though the Biennale is an Exhibition where nontextual matter is displayed, it has a sense datum of friendly controversy between countries for who can produce some of the go around artwork.During one Biennale exhibition thither were not only paintings by just about all of the best Italian artists beneath Italys pavilion, but also whole kit and boodle by Picasso and Klee, by Chagall and Kokoschka. The French present exhibitions by Braque, Rouault, and Maillol, the Belgians by Delvaux and Ensor, the Briti sh by Henry Moore. The participation of artists as esteemed as these helped in securing the validity and existence of the Biennale as a true delay for art. There was even an exhibition for impressionistic artist and that identical year in that respect were ninety-eight impressionistic pieces of art.The Biennale was an exhibition that appears to be more of a friendly argument and get unneurotic between major countries of the world. All of the countries that use up previously been at one anothers throats in prior wars all come in concert to act in the Biennale that takes places in Venice, Italy. The Biennale brings unitedly a order of countries, despite their differences, and throw ins them to partake in a commonly lovable and intellectually touch on event. The importance of the Biennale is much greater than the sole criticizing of delicate work and abilities.The event brings together a variety of countries with extremely alter viewpoints and opinions to meet communally and peacefully. The Biennale during the presence of fascism and in attempting to be a useful puppet of fascism held a much more substantial meaning than triune countries coming together peacefully. It allowed for Italy to feel interconnected even if it was on the piddlingest ethnic level of coming together for an art festival, and it also gave the fascist party yet another opportunity to use propaganda towards the quite a little to their advantage.In 1932, Giuseppe Volpi was deemed the President of the Biennale and Mussolini was in his ten percent year of his regime when, a well-be harbourd number of prizes went to pictures of border district Blackshirts, dynamic cranes and planes, idealized Italian landscapes, and women and children saluting Il Duce. Just prior to this particular Biennale of 1932, Volpi was an fighting(a) member of the fascistic party, and was most tardily the Minister of Finance for Mussolini and the fascistic party. whence again, in 1935 during the film festival aspect of the Biennale, prizes were awarded to Nazi, Soviet, and Palestinian-Zionist films.Volpis great power and willingness to give awards to fascist based artwork, careless(predicate) of actual chaste value, was no coincidence. Marla rocknroll describes fascistic Italy as presenting a occupation with regards to the heathenish politics of the authoritarian and totalistic regimes that reigned in atomic number 63 in the time period between World War I and World War II. She states that since, No one style, school, or monument summarizes the business organisation sets of the fascistic state. Rather, the positive culture of Italian Fascism is best defined by its diversities, contradictions, and ambiguities. The culture that was present during fascism close mirrors the culture of the fall in res publicas, but with variant ingredients. The United takes is considered a melting pot with all of the diversities that are represented in the realm. fasci stic Italy creates its own form of a melting pot, but not with an teemingness of ethnic diversity. The appointed culture, if there was a true official culture, of fascistic Italy was comprise of the differences between the Italian people geographically, politically, hierarchically, tenderly, and of quarrel culturally.Therefore terms that nurture become ordinary when speaking of fascistic culture much(prenominal) as fascistic realism and Mussolini newfangled are distant and inconceivable. Since the beginning of Mussolinis regime he had always strived to obtain and maintain a in return effective relationship with those who handle the art world. chthonic Mussolinis tyranny artist were discontinue from censorship as long as they were not openly and actively anti-fascistic, and in return, as a sign of their gratitude, many artists and architects would accept the fascistic regimes musical accompaniment.Certain artists who defied Mussolinis regime would end up with repercus sions. Such is the crusade with a Venetian abstract painter, Armando Pizzinato, who was an esurient member of the Italian Communist Party, and from September 1943 until the end of the war he fought with the partisans and did lock up time for legitimate anti- fascist activities. However, Pizzinato represents a small portion of the artistic community that was anti-Fascist. The bulk of artists cooperated with the Fascist regime, and the linkup between aret and the state was one of mutual recognition and legitimation. Mussolini and his mutually beneficial policies with the art world began to create a more central form of cultural crosswayion. Marla match refers to the outcome of the newly centralized form of cultural production as a cultural indemnity of esthetical pluralism the Mussolini monocracys practice of accepting and encouraging a effigy of artistics. This now meant that there was a magnitude of imageries and esthetical formulations that represented Fascism and w ere a part of its cultural system, it imaginary and its aesthetic universe. The Fascist party was in a constant expect to uncover a single Fascist rhetorical-aesthetic vision while at the selfsame(prenominal) time combining modern and venturous aesthetics, emerging quid cultural forms, and a discourse of natural culture to produce, during the 1930s, many dynamic and spirited products. The products such as exhibitions, fairs, and expositions, that the government produced and were to a great extent supported by the Fascist party, generated a considerable listening from the Italian population. more(prenominal) specifically speaking, the Biennale was a direct product of the cultural productiveness that was being chased by the Fascist party.Victoria De Grazia argues that the Fascist party was never able to obtain a singular aesthetic vision and individuation overimputable to its incapableness to mobilize the mob, limits due to the partys interests, and its appropriation of preexisting cultural forms and institutions, which precluded the defining of total Fascist identities The introduction of Exhibitions such as the Biennale were a key section in Fascisms political aesthetic vision considering the simple goal was to bosom the cultural plain of Fascist Italy. In doing so, the Fascist party was hoping to unify Italy on a lower floor(a) a field culture.Exhibitions had multiple purposes to them while aiming to obtain a merged national culture (1) they were primeval sites of state patronage (2) they opened the social boundaries of culture to the mobilized masses (3) they offered a location for the appropriation of the cultural identities and cultural chief city of preexisting elites and (4) they courted the participation of cultural producers. The Venetian Biennale and other similar Exhibitions were, for the most part, salutary for everyone that attended no matter of party affiliation, social status, or job title.World War I, World War II, a nd the fascism that accompanies them each had a lasting impact on the boorish of Italy. Venice, in particular, was not flat to mass amounts of devastation as a consequence of the World Wars. The Fascist presence in Venice was very strong even though the actions of the legal age of its supporters were minimal. This problem of mobilizing the masses was not just a problem of Fascisms in Venice, but throughout Italy. The best attempt Fascism had at completely unifying a Fascist Italian culture was through its support of state patronage in the Exhibitions such as the Biennale in Venice.The political differences, ambiguities, and varying coterie rank made it virtually unimaginable to create a single Italian culture under Fascism. However, the ability of the Fascist party to participate in state patronage and allow aesthetic pluralism allowed artists to maintain their careers and not have to alter their stylistic ways. The Fascist party did not succeed in creating their own cultural individuation under Fascism, but they did allow for a hybrid-like culture to develop. Fascism did many terrible things for the country of Italy, but allowing the aesthetic pluralism to flourish aid unifying the country under one culture.Lucky for Italians it did not create a unified Fascist culture, but rather a hybrid culture unified due to the intervention of Fascism and the varying differences among the Italian people. Bibliography Ackroyd, barb. Venice delicate city. bracing York nanna A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009. Print. Garrett, Martin. Venice A heathenish and Literary fellow traveller. New York Interlink, 2001. Print. Hibbert, Christopher. Venice The Biography of a metropolis. New York W. W. Norton, 1989. Print. Reich, Jacqueline, and Piero Garofalo. Re-viewing Fascism Italian Cinema, 1922-1943. Bloomington inch UP, 2002. Print. Stone, Marla.The assistant realm glossiness & government activity in Fascist Italy. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998. Print. 1 . ray of l ight Ackroyd, Venice virginal city (New York grannie A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 2 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 320 3 . Martin Garrett, Venice A cultural and Literary dude (New York Interlink, 2001), 48 4 . Martin Garrett, Venice A heathen and Literary bloke (New York Interlink, 2001), 48 5 . Martin Garrett, Venice A cultural and Literary confrere (New York Interlink, 2001), 144 6 .Peter Ackroyd, Venice Pure City (New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 7 . Peter Ackroyd, Venice Pure City (New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 8 . Peter Ackroyd, Venice Pure City (New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 9 . Martin Garrett, Venice A pagan and Literary fellow traveller (New York Interlink, 2001), 144 10 . Martin Garrett, Venice A pagan and Literary lad (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 11 . Martin Garrett, Venice A cultural and Literary coadjutor (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 12 .Martin Garrett, Venice A cultural and Literary associate (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 13 . Martin Garrett, Venice A heathen and Literary company (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 14 . Martin Garrett, Venice A ethnical and Literary henchman (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 15 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 316 16 . Martin Garrett, Venice A pagan and Literary accomplice (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 17 . Martin Garrett, Venice A heathen and Literary assort (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 18 .Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 316-317 19 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 20 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 21 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 22 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W . Norton, 1989), 317 23 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 24 .Martin Garrett, Venice A ethnical and Literary familiar (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 25 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 26 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 27 . Jacqueline Reich and Piero Garofalo, Re-viewing Fascism Italian Cinema, 1922-1943 (Bloomington Indiana UP, 2002), 294 28 . Jacqueline Reich and Piero Garofalo, Re-viewing Fascism Italian Cinema, 1922-1943 (Bloomington Indiana UP, 2002), 294 29 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 318 30 .Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 318 31 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 319 32 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Nort on, 1989), 319 33 . Martin Garrett, Venice A heathen and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 47 34 . Marla Stone, The assistant invoke cultivation and government activity in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 5 35 . Marla Stone, The booster subject horticulture and regime in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 36 .Marla Stone, The admirer State goal and administration in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 37 . Marla Stone, The presenter State stopping point and governing in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 38 . Marla Stone, The booster State refining and government in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 39 . Marla Stone, The athletic supporter State refining and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 5 40 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 41 .Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 5 42 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 6 43 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 6 44 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 14 45 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 18Fascism in VeniceRyan Johnson December 13, 2012 HIST 3400 Soper Venetian Fascism in the Shadow of Wars The qualities that compose fascism are debatable and endless. What is really important about fascism is how it attempted to succeed by influencing not only Venetian, but also Italian culture and society from the beginning of World War I until the end of World War II. Benito Mussolini when speaking on fascism stated that, For Fascism, the growth of empire, that is to say the expansion of the nation, is essential manifestation of vitality, and its opposite a sign of decadence (Enciclopedia Italiana, Handout).The success with which fascism had in expanding the nation is an argument for another time, but the ways they attempted to maintain the essential manifestation of vitality and challenged the boundaries of cultural society in hopes of success are well worth mentioning. Fascism did not have many cultural victories and this could be one aspect of an argument as to why it was a failure. However, one of fascisms greatest cultural victories in Italy can be viewed when studying the floating city of Venice and events that accompanied it.Fascism, as a whole, attempted to conquer in more ways than just obtaining land by means of military victory or tangible items as tokens of their success. As stated above by Mussolini himself, if fascism was indeed to succeed, it needed to support the growth of the Italian nation. The Fascist Party needed to not only influence the Italian people through propaganda, but also gain the support of the Italian nation while challenging the cultural and societal boundaries.In the years between World War I and World War II, fascism made attempting strides to try and create an aesthetic visual for the party, mainly by intervening in society and culture. All moves made by the fascists with regards to culture appeared to be altogether instrumental and functional to gaining one hundred percent support of the population in favor of the dictatorship. The effects of World War I, World War II, and fascism can still be seen today in Venetian and Italian culture. World War I was a horrendous time for Italian soldiers fighting in the trenches.Venice was very close to the battle lines on the border with Austria-Hungary, just North of where they lie. Venetians could not only feel the constant threat from the Austrians, but also had a daily reminder when they stepped outside. Venice closed their port, for fear of attack, but they also had to deal with the fact that, barrage balloons could be seen. Barrage balloons had long steel cables attached to them and were mainly used to deter low-flying enemy aircraft from orbit or bombing an area.These defense balloons were used during World War I and II. For the short distance that Venice was from the battlefront they were fairly lucky in how little devastation took place during the war. During World War I Venice was always extremely nervous about their next-door neighbors, the Austrians, of attacking the maritime port, but the city never fell to enemy attack. There were very few bombing that occurred in Venice, and the deaths that did take place mainly happened during the black-out hours.These black-out hours would occur in hopes of minimizing the amount of light escaping outside. By doing this, the Venetians were making it very difficult for any sort of aerial attack to bomb their city, port, or boats off of visibility alone. These were the on ly significant negative effects even worth mentioning that occurred for the city of Venice during World War I. World War II was similar to World War I with regards to the significantly negative effects it had on the city of Venice, there were just about none.As opposed to the devastation that occurred throughout much of Italy, Venice got away pretty nicely. Yet again, the blackout hours when people would fall into the canal or injure themselves in other ways in the dark were one of the primary contributors to the death toll. It has been stated that Venice remained essentially untouched throughout the duration of the Second World War. However the minute losses that did occur, with exception of Germans capturing Jews, can be summed up in a few sentences. One or two windows were broken a stray shell hit the tower of San Nicolo del Mendicoli as the Germans were retrateing and the Tiepolo friezes in the Palazzo Labia were damaged when an ammunition ship exploded in the harbour. Although the people of Venice saw little to none of the intense fighting, they were not as lucky to maintain an unconquered status during World War II as they had in World War I. For Germany, September 1943 was the beginning of a fairly short control over northern and central Italy that included Venice.Although Germany occupied Venice until April 28, 1945, very few deaths occurred to the Venetian citizens while in the city. In the city itself a campaign of sabotage was followed by reprisals in which five men were shot in Cannaregio on July 8, 1944 some thirty partisans were executed later that month, followed on August 3 by seven hostages in Riva dellImpero, called subsequently, in their memory, Riva dei Sette Martiri. The most extensive part of the death toll came to the Jewish population in Venice with the presence of the Germans in 1943.The Venetians had historically tolerated the Jewish population up until about 1938 with the enactment of new racial laws. After the racial laws, persecu tion got so bad for the Jewish population, that they were laid off from their job, and grotesque signs were placed on businesses stating Dogs and Jews Prohibited. It only got worse from there after the Germans arrived in 1943, and the open persecution, capture, and killing of Jews from 1943 to 1945 took place.It has been estimated that approximately two hundred Jews were hunted down and sent to concentration camps in the mainland, with some even being deported to Auschwitz. The Germans were so thorough in their cause to vaporize the Jewish population from the earth, they would even go to hospitals to retrieve mentally ill Jewish patients and send them to an early grave. It has been recorded that only eight of the two hundred Venetian Jews captured by the Germans were ever returned home again.The Germans vicious attempts to eliminate the Jewish population and the atrocities that ensued will never be forgotten. With that being said, Venice got out of not only World War I, but also Wor ld War II with an extremely minimal death count compared to the millions of lives that were lost as a consequence of the two wars. World War I and II both impacted Venice, but in a fairly nominal way when viewing the status of many other parts of Italy and the world. However, there were two very influential fascist characters that emerge as a product of World War I and are present throughout World War II.These two men are noteworthy fascist figures with one that called Venice a home for a period of his life and another that was a true Venetian. The first man, Gabriele DAnnunzio, assumed a position, as a fascist political figure in Venice, and he was well known even before fascism was created. DAnnunzio was not a native-born Venetian, but was fairly well known in Italy as a poet, novelist, playwright, politician (right- and left-wing in rapid succession), and daring First World War pilot who led sorties against Vienna itself.It was during World War I when DAnnunzio decided to establi sh his residence in Venice. When he was not contributing to the fighting he could be found at his home, that was located off of the Grand Canal, called Casetta delle Rose. DAnnunzio continues to have a presence in the fascist politics all the way until its eventual demise, but was most famous for his irredentist taking of Fiume, which is now present-day Rijeka in Croatia. He was angry that Fiume was not ceded to Italy by the Austrians at the end of World War I with the signing of the peace Treaty of Saint-Germain.DAnnunzio ruled over Fiume as a dictator until December of 1921, and it has been said that Benito Mussolini even viewed DAnnunzio with a mixture of admiration and envy DAnnunzio was a fascist political figure that did not necessarily contribute much to the city of Venice as much as he was solely a constant reminder of the fascist presence. The second man that emerged from the outcome of World War I was an entrepreneurial man by the name of Giuseppe Volpi. Unlike DAnnunzio, Volpi was a native-born Venetian.He was born in Venice in 1877, and before he was thirty years old he had established the Societa Adriatica di Elettricita in the Palazzo Balbi on the Grand Canal, which soon had a monopoly on the supply of electricity in the Veneto and Emilia-Romagna. Along with his northeastern electricity monopoly, Volpi was constantly finding new ways to improve and advance Venetian industry. He would dabble in other industries that included petro-chemicals, iron, and shipping that significantly contributed to advancing Venetian industry, more specifically in Porto Marghera.Volpis success on top of his founding of Societa Adriatica di Elettricita was substantial it has been recorded that he was a, president or vice-president of twenty other companies, as a member of the boards of forty-six more, and as a major shareholder in over fifty. During World War I Volpi was the head of a Committee for Industrial Mobilization where his project of turning the old Venetian fortress of Marghera into an industrial port and factory capable area. Volpi was quite successful in his project in Marghera.The area, prior to Volpis presence, only contained a thousand inhabitants in 1921. The growth of Marghera after Volpis intervening was exponential. Marghera had grown by 1940 to a town containing fifteen thousand workers in a hundred industries, and by 1967 to one of thirty-five thousand workers in 211 industries. Volpis tremendous success as an entrepreneur and financial guru in northeast Italy, without fail, caught the attention of the Italian government. Volpi was awarded for his successes with the title and position as Governor of Tripoli.Soon after being deemed Governor, and already a standing member of the Fascist party, Volpi was put into office as Mussolinis Minister of Finance in 1925. It has been stated that Volpi, became one of the most successful administrators of the regime. Three years after Volpi was positioned as Minister of Finance he resign ed after disagreeing heavily with Mussolini on the artificially high level at which the leader insisted on fixing the exchange rates, and never having become one of his close circle, he concentrated again on Venice and industry. Volpi was always a very influential fascist figure in Venice, but his greatest contribution to the success of the influence of the Fascist party and its cultural production came when he assumed the position as, President of the reconstituted Esposizione Biennale Internazionale dArte in 1932. This Exhibition, more commonly known as the Biennale, originated as nothing more than an Exhibition with strange occurrences such as a mans face that was stuck in rigor mortis known as Supremo Convegno.In 1934, the Fascist government declared the once bi-annual event was to start taking place annually. The success of the Biennale was consistently growing after it was introduced as an annual event. In 1934, there were 41,000 people that showed up, in 1935, 38,500 people, in 1936, 50,000 attended, and in 1937, there was a staggering 60,000 participants. The Biennale by the year 1948 was considered to be one of the most important events in the entire world of art, and the Exhibition got to that point with the help of Giuseppe Volpi as he active President for twelve years. The international respect and publicity the Biennale gained each year was consistently growing. Countries would set up pavilions at the Biennale and present among them even during the Biennales early stages were Belgium, Britain, Germany, Hungary, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain, Czechoslovakia, and the United States. Even though the Biennale is an Exhibition where artwork is displayed, it has a sense of friendly competition between countries for who can produce some of the best artwork.During one Biennale exhibition there were not only paintings by nearly all of the best Italian artists under Italys pavilion, but also works by Picasso and Klee, by Chagall and Kokoschka. The French st aged exhibitions by Braque, Rouault, and Maillol, the Belgians by Delvaux and Ensor, the British by Henry Moore. The participation of artists as prestigious as these helped in securing the validity and existence of the Biennale as a true appreciation for art. There was even an exhibition for Impressionist artist and that same year there were ninety-eight Impressionist pieces of art.The Biennale was an exhibition that appears to be more of a friendly competition and get together between major countries of the world. All of the countries that have previously been at one anothers throats in prior wars all come together to participate in the Biennale that takes places in Venice, Italy. The Biennale brings together a magnitude of countries, despite their differences, and allows them to partake in a mutually pleasing and intellectually stimulating event. The importance of the Biennale is much greater than the sole criticizing of artistic works and abilities.The event brings together a va riety of countries with extremely varying viewpoints and opinions to meet communally and peacefully. The Biennale during the presence of fascism and in attempting to be a useful tool of fascism held a much more substantial meaning than multiple countries coming together peacefully. It allowed for Italy to feel unified even if it was on the smallest cultural level of coming together for an art festival, and it also gave the Fascist party yet another opportunity to use propaganda towards the masses to their advantage.In 1932, Giuseppe Volpi was deemed the President of the Biennale and Mussolini was in his tenth year of his regime when, a good number of prizes went to pictures of marching Blackshirts, dynamic cranes and planes, idealized Italian landscapes, and women and children saluting Il Duce. Just prior to this particular Biennale of 1932, Volpi was an active member of the Fascist party, and was most recently the Minister of Finance for Mussolini and the Fascist party. Then again , in 1935 during the film festival aspect of the Biennale, prizes were awarded to Nazi, Soviet, and Palestinian-Zionist films.Volpis ability and willingness to give awards to fascist based artwork, regardless of actual artistic value, was no coincidence. Marla Stone describes Fascist Italy as presenting a paradox with regards to the cultural politics of the authoritarian and totalitarian regimes that reigned in Europe in the time period between World War I and World War II. She states that since, No one style, school, or monument summarizes the patronage practices of the Fascist state. Rather, the official culture of Italian Fascism is best defined by its diversities, contradictions, and ambiguities. The culture that was present during fascism closely mirrors the culture of the United States, but with different ingredients. The United States is considered a melting pot with all of the diversities that are represented in the country. Fascist Italy creates its own form of a melting po t, but not with an abundance of ethnic diversity. The official culture, if there was a true official culture, of Fascist Italy was composed of the differences between the Italian people geographically, politically, hierarchically, socially, and of course culturally.Therefore terms that have become popular when speaking of Fascist culture such as Fascist realism and Mussolini modern are irrelevant and inconceivable. Since the beginning of Mussolinis regime he had always strived to obtain and maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with those who encompass the art world. Under Mussolinis dictatorship artist were free from censorship as long as they were not openly and actively anti-Fascist, and in return, as a sign of their gratitude, many artists and architects would accept the Fascist regimes patronage.Certain artists who defied Mussolinis regime would end up with repercussions. Such is the case with a Venetian abstract painter, Armando Pizzinato, who was an avid member of the I talian Communist Party, and from September 1943 until the end of the war he fought with the partisans and did jail time for certain anti-Fascist activities. However, Pizzinato represents a small portion of the artistic community that was anti-Fascist. The majority of artists cooperated with the Fascist regime, and the association between aret and the state was one of mutual recognition and legitimation. Mussolini and his mutually beneficial policies with the art world began to create a more central form of cultural production. Marla Stone refers to the outcome of the newly centralized form of cultural production as a cultural policy of aesthetic pluralism the Mussolini dictatorships practice of accepting and supporting a range of aesthetics. This now meant that there was a magnitude of imageries and aesthetic formulations that represented Fascism and were a part of its cultural system, it imaginary and its aesthetic universe. The Fascist party was in a constant search to uncover a single Fascist rhetorical-aesthetic vision while at the same time combining modern and avant-garde aesthetics, emerging mass cultural forms, and a discourse of natural culture to produce, during the 1930s, many dynamic and vibrant products. The products such as exhibitions, fairs, and expositions, that the government produced and were heavily supported by the Fascist party, generated a considerable audience from the Italian population. More specifically speaking, the Biennale was a direct product of the cultural productivity that was being pursued by the Fascist party.Victoria De Grazia argues that the Fascist party was never able to obtain a singular aesthetic vision and identity due to its incapability to mobilize the masses, limits due to the partys interests, and its appropriation of preexisting cultural forms and institutions, which precluded the formation of total Fascist identities The introduction of Exhibitions such as the Biennale were a key component in Fascisms politica l aesthetic vision considering the primary goal was to encompass the cultural sphere of Fascist Italy. In doing so, the Fascist party was hoping to unify Italy under a national culture.Exhibitions had multiple purposes to them while aiming to obtain a unified national culture (1) they were primary sites of state patronage (2) they opened the social boundaries of culture to the mobilized masses (3) they offered a location for the appropriation of the cultural identities and cultural capital of preexisting elites and (4) they courted the participation of cultural producers. The Venetian Biennale and other similar Exhibitions were, for the most part, good for everyone that attended regardless of party affiliation, social status, or job title.World War I, World War II, and the fascism that accompanies them individually had a lasting impact on the country of Italy. Venice, in particular, was not prone to mass amounts of devastation as a consequence of the World Wars. The Fascist presenc e in Venice was very strong even though the actions of the majority of its supporters were minimal. This problem of mobilizing the masses was not just a problem of Fascisms in Venice, but throughout Italy. The best attempt Fascism had at completely unifying a Fascist Italian culture was through its support of state patronage in the Exhibitions such as the Biennale in Venice.The political differences, ambiguities, and varying class rank made it virtually impossible to create a single Italian culture under Fascism. However, the ability of the Fascist party to participate in state patronage and allow aesthetic pluralism allowed artists to maintain their careers and not have to alter their stylistic ways. The Fascist party did not succeed in creating their own cultural identity under Fascism, but they did allow for a hybrid-like culture to develop. Fascism did many terrible things for the country of Italy, but allowing the aesthetic pluralism to flourish aided unifying the country under one culture.Lucky for Italians it did not create a unified Fascist culture, but rather a hybrid culture unified due to the intervention of Fascism and the varying differences among the Italian people. Bibliography Ackroyd, Peter. Venice Pure City. New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009. Print. Garrett, Martin. Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion. New York Interlink, 2001. Print. Hibbert, Christopher. Venice The Biography of a City. New York W. W. Norton, 1989. Print. Reich, Jacqueline, and Piero Garofalo. Re-viewing Fascism Italian Cinema, 1922-1943. Bloomington Indiana UP, 2002. Print. Stone, Marla.The Patron State Culture & Politics in Fascist Italy. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998. Print. 1 . Peter Ackroyd, Venice Pure City (New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 2 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 320 3 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 48 4 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 48 5 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 144 6 .Peter Ackroyd, Venice Pure City (New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 7 . Peter Ackroyd, Venice Pure City (New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 8 . Peter Ackroyd, Venice Pure City (New York Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009), 324 9 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 144 10 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 11 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 12 .Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 13 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 14 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 15 . Christopher H ibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 316 16 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 17 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 18 .Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 316-317 19 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 20 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 21 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 22 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 23 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 24 .Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 46 25 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 26 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 317 27 . Jacqueline Reich and Piero Garofalo, Re-viewing Fascism Italian Cinema, 1922-1943 (Bloomington Indiana UP, 2002), 294 28 . Jacqueline Reich and Piero Garofalo, Re-viewing Fascism Italian Cinema, 1922-1943 (Bloomington Indiana UP, 2002), 294 29 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 318 30 .Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 318 31 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 319 32 . Christopher Hibbert, Venice The Biography of a City (New York W. W. Norton, 1989), 319 33 . Martin Garrett, Venice A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York Interlink, 2001), 47 34 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 5 35 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 36 .Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 37 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 38 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 39 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 5 40 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 4 41 .Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 5 42 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 6 43 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 6 44 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics i n Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 14 45 . Marla Stone, The Patron State Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 1998), 18